欢迎来到我们的播客。Welcome to our podcast.
今天我们聊一聊读书。Today we will chat about reading books.
读什么书呢？What kind of books?
读生物学的书。Reading biology books.
生物学是研究生命的科学。Biology is the science that studies life.
很多人喜欢读经典的书。Many people like to read classic books.
比如达尔文的书。For example, Darwin's books.
达尔文是非常有名的科学家。Darwin was a very famous scientist.
他写了一本很有名的书。He wrote a very famous book.
书的名字叫《人类的由来》。The book's name is "The Descent of Man".
你读过这本书吗？Have you read this book?
如果你读过，你可能会不开心。If you have read it, you might be unhappy.
因为书里说，人是自私的。Because the book says humans are selfish.
自私就是只爱自己。Selfish means only loving oneself.
达尔文认为，人为了生存而竞争。Darwin believed humans compete to survive.
我们想要自己成功。We want ourselves to succeed.
我们想要家人成功。We want our families to succeed.
为了成功，我们必须赢。In order to succeed, we must win.
所以，很多生物学家认为，道德是假的。So, many biologists think morality is fake.
好人也是假的。Being a good person is also fake.
这听起来很悲观。This sounds very pessimistic.
这是我们今天要说的第一点。This is the first point we are discussing today.
经典的生物学让我们觉得人性很冷酷。Classic biology makes us feel human nature is cold.
接下来，我们看第二点。Next, let's look at the second point.
并不是所有人都同意达尔文。Not everyone agrees with Darwin.
最近几十年，这也是一个大问题。In the last few decades, this has also been a big issue.
有些科学家有不同的看法。Some scientists have different views.
比如，有一位叫克鲁泡特金的科学家。For example, there was a scientist named Kropotkin.
他观察了很多动物。He observed many animals.
他发现动物也会互相帮助。He found that animals also help each other.
这叫做“合作”。This is called "cooperation".
很多新书都在谈论合作。Many new books are talking about cooperation.
为什么人类能占领地球？Why were humans able to conquer the earth?
因为我们会合作。Because we can cooperate.
我们一起解决问题。We solve problems together.
我们从小就学习规则。We learn rules from a young age.
这些规则让我们团结。These rules make us united.
如果我们团结，我们就很强大。If we are united, we are powerful.
这听起来比达尔文的说法好多了。This sounds much better than Darwin's theory.
这让我们觉得人类很善良。This makes us feel humans are kind.
但是，这是真相吗？But, is this the truth?
这只是故事的一半。This is only half the story.
现在，我们要说第三点。Now, we want to talk about the third point.
这才是最重要的一点。This is the most important point.
人性是很复杂的。Human nature is very complex.
我们既不是完全自私的，也不是完全无私的。We are neither completely selfish nor completely selfless.
这种聪明让我们学会了伪装。This smartness allows us to learn to disguise.
文章里提到了一个词。The article mentioned a word.
叫“机会主义”。Called "opportunism".
这是什么意思呢？What does this mean?
意思是我们会看情况。It means we look at the situation.
如果有人看着我们，我们就合作。If someone is watching us, we cooperate.
因为我们需要好名声。Because we need a good reputation.
如果没人看着我们，我们会怎么样？If no one is watching us, what happens?
如果没人知道，我们可能会欺骗。If no one knows, we might cheat.
科学家做过很多实验。Scientists have done many experiments.
比如，分钱的游戏。For example, a game about sharing money.
如果名字是公开的，大家都很公平。If names are public, everyone is very fair.
如果名字是保密的，大家就拿更多的钱。If names are secret, everyone takes more money.
这说明了什么？What does this show?
说明我们不是天生就想公平。It shows we do not naturally want to be fair.
我们只是害怕被发现。We are just afraid of being discovered.
还有一个很有趣的现象。There is also a very interesting phenomenon.
叫“道德许可”。Called "moral licensing" (or credentialing).
意思是，如果你觉得自己是个好人。It means, if you feel you are a good person.
比如你昨天做了一件好事。For example, you did a good deed yesterday.
今天你可能就会做一件坏事。Today you might do a bad deed.
因为你觉得自己已经很好了。Because you feel you are already good.
所以，你给自己找了一个借口。So, you find an excuse for yourself.
这真的很讽刺。This is really ironic.
那么，结论是什么呢？So, what is the conclusion?
结论是，不要太天真。The conclusion is, don't be too naive.
读书让我们看到真相。Reading books lets us see the truth.
真相是，人既会合作，也会竞争。The truth is, humans can cooperate and also compete.
如果不看这一面，我们就看不懂世界。If we don't look at this side, we can't understand the world.
我们不能只靠人性。We cannot rely only on human nature.
我们需要好的规则。We need good rules.
我们需要好的教育。We need good education.
好的规则让欺骗变得很难。Good rules make cheating become very difficult.
好的规则让合作变得容易。Good rules make cooperation become easy.
所以，不要只相信感觉。So, don't just trust feelings.
要相信制度和规则。Trust systems and rules.
这就是今天的内容。This is today's content.
读书可能让你不乐观。Reading might make you not optimistic.
但是读书让你清醒。But reading makes you clear-headed.
清醒比乐观更重要。Being clear-headed is more important than being optimistic.
谢谢大家的收听。Thank you everyone for listening.
我们下次再见。See you next time.
